This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of collective bargaining in Australian agriculture since the enactment of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). It identifies economic, socio-cultural and legal factors that affect uptake in various product sectors. It also assesses the potential socio-economic benefits of collective bargaining, and the various organisational structures, including agricultural co-operatives, that could support it more effectively in Australia. The study focuses on ways to increase the fraction of the supply chain surplus retained by farmers.