For centuries, pongamia has been used across the Indian subcontinent to fuel lanterns and stoves, make soap and tan leathers, and in traditional medicine1. Native to northern parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory, this hardy legume tree now offers an opportunity for production as a sustainable, lower emission alternative to non-renewable transport fuels.
The resilient nature of the plant – drought-tolerant and able to withstand heat, salinity and flooding – combined with its ability to produce its own nitrogen, makes pongamia an ideal candidate for production on land unsuitable for broadacre cropping in northern parts of Australia2.
Industry experts suggest that an area of 2 million hectares could result in the production of 8 billion litres of biodiesel per annum3. Based on equivalent crops, this could generate an estimated income of $7 billion including pongamia by-products. In addition to the potential economic advantages, the creation of upwards of 16,000 jobs and the stimulation of regional development is also predicted.
Industry advancements offer fresh insights into pongamia viability
With the aim of evaluating pongamia as a sustainable biofuel, AgriFutures Australia has invested in research to determine the potential of the crop in Australia. The project will include a preliminary economic study to examine the viability of the crop, and the development of a technical manual that will detail how to establish, manage and harvest pongamia in northern Australia.
Laura Skipworth, AgriFutures Australia’s Manager, Emerging Industries said that exploring the potential of pongamia and the capacity to find alternative land uses in northern Australia, drew interest from the AgriFutures Emerging Industries Advisory Panel.
“Pongamia has previously been deemed unviable in several economic studies, however in recent years, advancements have seen treatments developed that make the protein meal useful as a plant based stockfeed which further add to crop opportunities.”
“The results of the review will help determine whether future support is made to undertake a full economic study into the viability of pongamia,” she said.
George Muirhead of Bioenergy Plantations, a commercial pongamia plantation company, said there are two key factors that have substantially changed the economic potential of pongamia.
“Initially pongamia was explored purely as a renewable energy, with the oil used for bio-diesel. Significant research has shown the value of the meal, which alters the economic model completely.
“In Indonesia and the United States, removal of the alkaloids from both the oil and meal have made them suitable for human and animal consumption, which considerably increases the financial viability of pongamia.”
Mr Muirhead said the other important development has been the ability to successfully propagate pongamia through cuttings.
“Previously yields were unpredictable and the trees had a high degree of variability, which had made it difficult to achieve industrial scale production. The reliable growth and cropping behaviour and consistent repeatability that comes with cloning the parent tree has been a major breakthrough.”
